This project aimed to explore urban-rural and regional differences in potential exposure to contaminated waters and/or polluted air. In addition to identifying such differences, researchers explored potential covariates that help examine the observed spatial patterns.

The team used a combination of spatial analytical techniques and regression modeling to determine whether statistically significant differences exist in potential exposure to contaminated waters and polluted air among rural and urban areas (defined at the Census tract level using 2013 Rural Urban Commuting Area codes), as well as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defined regions, with findings prepared in a policy brief format. Sociodemographic composition variables (e.g., percent non-White, percent below 200% Federal Poverty Limit, etc. at the Census tract level) were tested for their individual relationship with air and water quality outcomes, as well as acting as a potential moderator between urban-rural status and each respective outcome.

Researchers proposed a tiered level of spatial analyses with the first level being at the Census tract level and the second an inter-regional comparison using the Environmental Protection Agencies administrative regions. Communities disproportionately impacted by environmental harms were defined as "environmental justice communities" by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Factors that go into this designation include social vulnerability, socioeconomic factors, as well as exposure to/spatial proximity to various environmental hazards. Using the Environmental Justice Screen Mapping Tool, stakeholders can visualize and interact with this data at the block group level (i.e., typically 600-3,000 persons per unit). Researchers aggregated this data to the Census tract level to help the team examine urban-rural differences in the outcomes of interest, where point-level data were not available or sparse.

Publications

• Assessing Geographic Variability in Key Indicators of Air Quality: A Rural vs. Urban Comparison of Pollution and Socio-Economic Factors
  Policy Brief
  Rural and Minority Health Research Center
  Date: 03/2023
  The purpose of this study was to examine rates of air pollution between rural and urban census tracts. In addition, urban-rural disparities in exposure to polluted air across Environmental Protection Agency-defined regions were examined.
• Assessing Key Indicators of Rural Versus Urban Water Quality
  Policy Brief
  Rural and Minority Health Research Center
  Date: 08/2023
  This study presents a summary of water quality monitoring data sources and models, identifies the gaps that persist, and proposes the salient categories and types of data that should be contained in a national water quality monitoring database to accurately describe rural water quality.
• Geographic Variations in Urban-Rural Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentrations in the United States, 2010–2019
  Journal Article
  Rural and Minority Health Research Center
  Date: 09/2024
  The purpose of this project was to compare fine particulate matter 2.5 across U.S. Census tracts, specifically focusing on rural vs. urban differences between 2010 and 2019.