National study of ambulance transport costs looks at the advantages and disadvantages of several options for Medicare to compensate low-volume rural ambulance providers. Among its conclusions: many low-volume rural volunteer EMS providers will benefit from the new Medicare fee schedule; a volume-based premium offers a disincentive for small providers to grow and take advantage of economies of scale; and cost-based reimbursement for a select class of rural providers would not over- or under-pay vulnerable providers. Report available by contacting the Center.